PTE Re-order Paragraph Predictions – 1–7 June 2026 Weekly Study File

• A. School has different ways to let parents know how they provide education services.
• B. One of the common ways is open days.
• C. Open days are good chances for parents to ask what they want to know.
• D. These are times when parents can know what works for their children will be doing at school.

• A. Gender-typed toy play leads to the promotion of different skills in boys and girls, with girls practicing communal roles and boys practicing agentic roles.
• B. This guides children's activities in accordance with gender stereotypes and thus restricts their individual development potential.
• C. Whereas play with stereotypically masculine toys, such as blocks and toy soldiers, is generally associated with the development of spatial skills and more aggressive behavior, playing with stereotypically feminine toys, such as baby dolls and stuffed animals, is associated with more nurturing behavior.
• D. Play with sexualized dolls, such as Fashion Barbies, is even associated with a narrowing of perceived career options in girls.
• E. In general, strongly gender-typed toys are less supportive of the development of children's physical, cognitive, and artistic skills than are gender-neutral or moderately gender-typed toys. F . Therefore, playing predominantly with same-gender-typed toys limits the development of children's action repertoires in accordance with gender stereotypes and thus contributes to the perpetuation of gender stereotypes.

• A. The energy sector has a fantastic skills shortage at all levels, both now and looming over it for the next 10 years.
• B. Engineers, in particular, are much needed to develop greener technologies.
• C. Not only are there some good career opportunities, but there's a lot of money going into the research side, too.
• D. With the pressures of climate change and the energy gap, in the last few years funding from the research councils has probably doubled.

• A. Ever since the completion of the Great Western Railway, in the 1840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long, steep bypass near Bath, England.
• B. Unlike many tunnel rumors, these were sweet rather than sordid. The question was this: did the railway's creator, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, really have the tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday;April 9th;it would be flooded with light'
• C. This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway's current engineers decided to test the rumor once and for all. They weren't disappointed.
• D. "When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape," communications manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian. "The sun rose from the left and was shining directly down the tunnel. We couldn't see how far."
• E. While the west side's view wasn't quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked that up to centuries of dirt and grime.

• A. The 'Festival in The Desert' is a celebration of the musical heritage of the T ouareg, a fiercely independent nomadic people.
• B. It is held annually near Essakane, an oasis some 40 miles north-west of Timbuktu, the ancient city on the Niger River.
• C. Reaching it tests endurance, with miles of impermanent sand tracks to negotiate.
• D. The reward of navigating this rough terrain comes in the form of a three-day feast of music and dance.

• A. In language learning, there is a distinction between competence and performance. Competence is a state of the speaker's mind. What he or she knows'
• B. Separate from actual performance - what he or she does while producing or comprehending language. In other words, competence is put to use through performance.
• C. An analogy can be made to the Highway Code for driving. Drivers know the Code and have indeed been tested on it to obtain a driving license.
• D. In actual driving, however, the driver has to relate the Code to a continuous flow of changing circumstances, and may even break it from time to time.
• E. Knowing the Highway Code is not the same as driving.

• A. Researchers find proteins can regulate plant growth.
• B. They can help plant roots adapt to climate.
• C. Understanding this process helps researchers find that some grains can live in drought.
• D. In the future, this can be applied to crops across the world so they can adapt to drought.

• A. Why do people like to travel abroad'
• B. Some TV programs will show tourist attractions.
• C. People can see the outside world through satellites.

• A. There are many kinds of loans available, but people should be careful not to over-borrow.
• B. If loans are not managed properly, they can create long-term financial pressure and limit future financial freedom.
• C. In their early life, many people are constantly repaying loans and spending most of their income every month.
• D. Some people have student loans that require them to spend a large portion of their earnings during their twenties and thirties.

• A. Many people face serious financial crises when they are only 20–30 years old.
• B. This is because they do not really pay attention to their daily spending, and have poured their spending on buying.
• C. This will lead to them piling up credit card loans and monthly payments.
• D. Although they can have a student loan, people should be more careful with their finances.

• A. Swiss engineer George de Mestral once returned from a hike with his dog and found many burrs clinging tightly to his trousers and the dog's fur.
• B. He noticed the burrs were covered with tiny hooks that could latch onto fabric loops and fur firmly.
• C. This natural mechanism inspired him to create Velcro, a fastener with hooks on one side and soft loops on the other.
• D. He named the invention Velcro, combining the French words 'velours' (velvet) and 'crochet' (hook) to reflect its structure.
• E. However, their performance turned out to be outstanding years later.

• A. An ID is required to open a bank account.
• B. You can deposit money into a new account.
• C. If you want to withdraw money, you can use an A TM.
• D. Withdrawing money means removing funds from a bank account.

• A. Music therapy is an established health profession that uses music to address physical, emotional, cognitive, and social needs.
• B. It can be particularly effective in improving mental health and enhancing quality of life.
• C. Moreover, music therapy is adaptable to individuals of all ages and various conditions.
• D. However, its effectiveness can vary depending on the individual's responsiveness to music.

• A. Customer feedback is invaluable for refining sales strategies.
• B. It offers insights into customer satisfaction and areas needing improvement.
• C. On the one hand, actively seeking and acting upon customer feedback can lead to enhanced product offerings and services.
• D. On the other hand, negative feedback, if not managed properly, can harm a company's reputation and customer trust.

• A. Building a diverse sales team can enhance a company's market reach.
• B. The reason is that diverse teams bring different perspectives and can relate to a wider range of customers.
• C. This inclusivity often leads to more innovative sales strategies and broader market appeal.
• D. Conversely, a lack of diversity might limit understanding of different customer segments.

• A. One of the major advantages of online education is the flexibility it offers.
• B. This flexibility is particularly beneficial for those who need to balance work or family commitments.
• C. Yet, this same flexibility can lead to procrastination and lack of structure.
• D. Therefore, effective online learning requires strong self-discipline and time management skills.

• A. Biodiversity is the variety of life on Earth, including different species of plants, animals, and microorganisms.
• B. Human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and urbanization have led to the loss of many species and habitats.
• C. This reduction in biodiversity can have significant and negative impacts on ecosystems and the services they provide.
• D. Conservation efforts are crucial to protect biodiversity and ensure the continued health of our planet.

• A. Researchers need to understand why different forms of locomotion evolved.
• B. Long-held assumptions, such as the need for energy ezciency, have already been overturned.
• C. But variation of movement is important, too: such an ankle brace holds you back if you try to skip, gallop or skitter.
• D. Similarly, legged robots struggle to deploy different gaits, just as roboticists struggle to enumerate them.

• A. Although usually remembered today as a philosopher, Plato was also one of ancient GreeceƯs most important patrons of mathematics.
• B. Inspired by Pythagoras, he founded his academy in Athens in 387 BC, where he stressed mathematics as a way of understanding more about reality.
• C. In particular, he was convinced that geometry was the key to unlocking the secrets of the universe.
• D. The sign above the academy entrance read: 'Let no one ignorant of geometry enter here.'

• A. Some psychologists believe that independent, peer-reviewed research in the decades since the MBTI was devised has provided something better than Myers-Briggs.
• B. They champion the notion of the "Big Five" personality traits - openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness and neuroticism.
• C. Of these, only one trait is closely shared with the MBTI - extroversion.
• D. Myers-Briggs does not focus on "neuroticism" or, indeed, any similarly negative trait, which may point to one of the reasons why the criticisms lobbed at the test by modern science have yet to undermine its popularity.
• E. As Adam Grant says, 'Going around telling people that they're neurotic and disagreeable will not win you any friends.'

• A. The people and events of the past can only be understood when viewed within the larger context in which they existed.
• B. That is not possible when historical events or topics are isolated and extracted from the web of historic time to serve some other curricular purpose.
• C. The value of history also depends upon the chronological presentation of events through time.
• D. It is only through a chronological survey that students can begin to understand the process of social and cultural change, which is one of the principal purposes of history.

• A. So now that you've completed the research project, what do you do'
• B. I know you won't want to hear this, but your work is still far from done.
• C. In fact, this final stage - writing up your research - may be one of the most dizcult.
• D. Developing a good, effective and concise report is an art form in itself.
• E. And, in many research projects you will need to write multiple reports that present the results at different levels of detail for different audiences.

• A. Your first draft is complete, but your paper is far from finished.
• B. The next step is to revise your paper: strengthen the content.
• C. Start this at least a week before your paper is due.
• D. In fact, you don't need to wait until you have a complete first draft to start revising.
• E. You can revise individual paragraphs as you finish them as well.

• A. Big Country Snake Removal responded to a home in Albany, T exas, after a man who was trying to restore his cable, climbed under the house and saw some snakes.
• B. He saw a 'few' snakes and quickly crawled out, said a post on Big Country Snake Removal's Facebook page.
• C. 'We arrived around lunchtime and as soon as I crawled under I could immediately see that there was far more than a few,; the post said.
• D. The company ended up removing 45 rattlesnakes from beneath the house.

• A. For many years, I had been thinking of writing a book.
• B. Not an ordinary book, but a literature book.
• C. I would do extensive literature reading and think about how I could do as well as they had done.
• D. What I did is what you need to do.

• A. A healthy school setting gives all students the best chance to learn and grow.
• B. Vaccines are very important to this effort.
• C. They protect children from getting and spreading diseases that can make them very sick.
• D. For this reason, we require children aged 2-months to 18-years old who are entering or attending child care, public school, or private school be vaccinated against certain diseases.

• A. Aboard the ship Discovery, Hudson left England in April 1610.
• B. He and his crew, which again included his son John and Robert Juet, made their way across the Atlantic Ocean.
• C. After skirting the southern tip of Greenland, they entered what became known as the Hudson Strait.
• D. The exploration then reached another of his namesakes, the Hudson Bay.
• E. Traveling south, Hudson ventured into James Bay and discovered that he'd come to a dead end.

• A. Georgia O'Keeffe never formally recorded her theories about art.
• B. She did, however, leave a long trail of interviews and letters that reveal how she approached her painting practice--and the rituals, experiences, and environments that inspired her.
• C. Correspondence with her husband, photographer Alfred Stieglitz, in particular, offers a raw, honest glimpse into O'Keeffe's creative mind.
• D. The two exchanged 25,000 pages of letters between 1915 and 1946, during which time she found her voice as an artist: first, through her flower paintings, and later, through landscapes and surrealistic still lifes inspired by her mountainous, skull-studded surroundings in New Mexico.

• A. Cameras help autonomous vehicles read street signs and the color of trazc lights.
• B. But LiDARs, aka light detection and ranging systems, do the important work of sensing and helping cars avoid obstacles, whether that's a fallen tree, drunk driver, or a child running out into the road.
• C. Now, a startup called Luminar T echnologies Inc. is unveiling a high-resolution LiDAR sensor that was five years in the making.
• D. The startup, which has raised $36 million in seed-stage funding so far, built its LiDAR systems from scratch.

• A. Around 1 billion people depend on water resources originating from the Hindu-Kush Karakoram Himalayan region, attributable to both rainfall and melting of snow and ice.
• B. The wind in the valleys in the region plays an important role in transporting clouds and moisture and redistributing snow in the valleys, and so understanding what drives this wind is crucial.
• C. Around the world, wind in valleys generally travels up the valley, and up the sides of mountains, during the day.
• D. This is often driven by differences in pressure caused by the slopes of the mountains and the shape of the valleys.

• A. The research by Will and colleagues dressed 6-month-old babies in different colored outfits that did not necessarily match their gender, so the participants had no way of knowing if the baby was in fact a boy or a girl.
• B. Sometimes, the infant was dressed in blue and was called Adam and sometimes it was dressed in pink and was called Beth.
• C. There were three toys in the room: a train (boy stereotype), a doll (girl stereotype), and a fish (neutral).
• D. This study found that babies dressed in blue and thought to be boys were more likely to be given the train. Babies in pink or "girls" were more likely to be given the doll and more people smiled at "Beth" then at "Adam".

• A. Fibres suitable for clothing has been made for the first time from the wheat protein gluten.
• B. The fibres are as strong and soft as wool and silk.
• C. However, they are 30 times cheaper.
• D. Narendra Reddy and Yiqi Yang, who produced the fibres at the University of Nebraska in Lincoln.
• E. He says that because they are biodegradable, they might be used in biomedical applications such as surgical sutures. ) (

• A. It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
• B. The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
• C. The story tells us two things about European business, both positive.
• D. First, shareholder activism is increasing in a continent where until recently it was depressingly rare.
• E. Second, and more importantly, the Arcelor Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global economy.

• A. In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers in the country.
• B. For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of ozcial business is conducted in T ok Pisin.
• C. This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a kind of 'contact' language called a pidgin.
• D. A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical purpose, such as trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not know each other's languages

• A. A study showed man cannot hear voice higher than 5 hertz.... [B. T] o test this theory, xxx from xxx university gathered 6 students...
• C. As in the previous study, the volunteers cannot hear any sound higher than 5 hertz
• D. In thought of... as this frequency is too high that...

• A. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science - it is often over-dramatized in order to secure an audience - but not of science itself.
• B. Of course, there may be the extremely rare example of scientific dishonesty, which will be seized upon by the news organisations, but the role of science within modern society remains valuable.
• C. Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone instead of looking at roads.
• D. But no one would deny that mobile phones can help us to make a phone call when we are under a crisis.
• E. In other words, I firmly believe that the development of science and the extension of understanding is a public good.

• A. A heart attack is caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
• B. When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
• C. The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
• D. Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.

• A. The job of a manager in the workplace is to get things done through employees.
• B. In order to accomplish this, the manager should be able to motivate employees.
• C. That is, however, easier said than done.
• D. Motivation practice and theory are dizcult subjects, encompassing various disciplines. ) (

• A. Sherbet powder is a mix of baking soda and citric acid.
• B. When it is mixed with water in your mouth, an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
• C. Another example of an endothermic reaction is the cold packs used by athletes to treat injuries.
• D. This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the injured part of your body. In this way, the cold pack acts as an ice pack.

• A. Students may don't know how to achieve high marks in exams.
• B. Actually, you don't have to write down everything you know.
• C. Before writing, you should figure out what the question is after, and what is not relevant.
• D. And then you will have an idea of what you should write.

• A. There are more than 100 schools in the country.
• B. Do not ever choose a school without going to the place and having a look. You should go and see once you have a chance.
• C. You can see the facilities and accommodations around the school.
• D. Because you might be living there. And they can be helpful to your study as well.

• A. International Economics: Theory and Policy is a proven approach in which each half of the book leads with an intuitive introduction to theory and follows with self-contained chapters to cover key policy applications.
• B. The Eighth Edition integrates the latest research, data, and policy in hot topics such as outsourcing, economic geography, trade and environment, financial derivatives, the subprime crisis, and China's exchange rate policies.
• C. New for the Eighth Edition, all end-of-chapter problems are integrated into MyEconLab, the online assessment and tutorial a system that accompanies the text.
• D. Students get instant, targeted feedback, and instructors can encourage practice without needing to grade work by hand. For more information visit MyEconLab.

• A. England's most selective universities must do more to attract teenagers from disadvantaged backgrounds if they want to charge higher tuition fees, the country's fair access watchdog has warned.
• B. Professor Les Ebdon, director of Fair Access to Higher Education, has said universities can no longer make excuses about the number of poorer students they take on.
• C. In a statement issued yesterday, Prof Ebdon dismissed the argument from the country's most selective universities, which claim that young people from poorer backgrounds generally secure worse grades.
• D. Such defences from the country's most elite universities "do not hold water", Prof Ebdon said, as he urged the institutions to do more to widen their intakes.

• A. Vision and echolocation have many features in common.
• B. One narrow range of radiation light in the case of vision, ultrasounds in the case of echolocation;provides information relevant to a wide variety of cognitive and practical goals.
• C. Why, then, is vision so common and echolocation so rare'
• D. Because, in most environments, vision is much more effective.
• E. Echolocation is adaptive only in an ecological niche where vision is impossible or badly impaired for instance when dwelling in caves and hunting at night, as bats do.

• A. In Montana as elsewhere, companies that have acquired older mines respond to demands to pay for cleanup in either of two ways.
• B. Especially if the company is small, its owners may declare the company bankrupt, in some cases conceal its assets, and transfer their business efforts to other companies or to new companies that do not bear responsibility for cleanup at the old mine.
• C. If the company is so large that it cannot claim that it would be bankrupted by cleanup costs, the company instead denies its responsibility or else seeks to minimize the costs.
• D. In either case, either the mine site and areas downstream of it remain toxic, thereby endangering people, or else the U.S federal government and the Montana state government pay for the cleanup through the federal Superfund and a corresponding Montana state fund.

• A. Most European countries are concerned about gender inequalities in education.
• B. However, the comprehensiveness of legislative and policy frameworks differs widely.
• C. On the one hand, they differ concerning the degree to which gender equality concepts are embedded in various legislative acts.
• D. On the other hand, they can frame gender equality in different ways, focusing on one or more of the various concepts that are associated with this term.

• A. Mechanical engineering student Ne T an is spending the first semester of this year studying at the University of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program. [B. Ne (T] an), an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at Monash College in October 2006.
• C. There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a second-year student.
• D. Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four units of study in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.

• A. The physical location of a restaurant in the competitive landscape of the city has long been known as a major factor in its likely success or failure.
• B. Once restaurants are established in such environments they can do little about their location.
• C. All they can do is work to improve customer access to their premises.
• D. Restaurateurs often do this by engaging in battles with local authorities about car parking.

• A. Humans are able to make sense of sounds at a much higher pitch than previously thought.
• B. A note has a fundamental tone- the pitch we hear- and a series of overtones that occur at higher frequencies. Overtones are what gives a sound its timbre, and enable us to distinguish an oboe from a trumpet from its sound alone.
• C. Previous studies have shown that humans are unable to recognise melodies whose notes have a fundamental tone above 5 kilohertz.
• D. It was thought that, at frequencies this high, the rapidly cycling soundwave was too fast for the auditory nerve to cope with. T o test this theory, Andrew Oxenham and his colleagues at the University of Minnesota in Minneapolis asked a group of six students whether two four-note melodies were identical or not. As in previous studies, the volunteers could not recognise melodies with fundamental tones above 5 kHz.
• E. The team then took a fundamental tone pitched below 5 kHz and digitally filtered it to leave just the overtones above 6 kHz. Surprisingly, the volunteers were able to distinguish these melodies.

• A. Humans appear to be the only species which is able to translate their communication into another medium and in this case the medium provides a semi-durable record of the elements of the communication.
• B. So reading is a very special ability that we have.
• C. Reading also is special because, unlike language, most children have to be taught to read, write and spell.
• D. So though we may be predisposed to being able to read and usually have the abilities necessary to master reading, it is something that most of us only accomplish through the direct help of others.

• A. Arcelor, established in Dutch, had been the largest European steelmaker by 2006.
• B. It was taken over by Mittal, a Dutch-registered company run from London by its biggest single shareholder, Lakshmi Mittal, an Indian who started his first business in Indonesia.
• C. The takeover battle raged for six months before Arcelor's bosses finally listened to shareholders who wanted the board to accept Mittal's third offer.
• D. The Arcelor-Mittal deal demonstrates Europe's deepening integration into the global economy.

• A. New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world's most dynamic, emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
• B. We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits, such as clean energy, ezcient water use, and sustainable agriculture.
• C. Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world's poor.
• D. For example, one of the companies we work within China, called Ecostar, refurbished copy machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 per cent less than a branded photocopier.

• A. Innovation in India is as much due to entrepreneurialism as it is to IT skills, says Arun Maria, chairman of Boston Consulting Group in India.
• B. Indian businessmen have used IT to create new business models that enable them to provide services in a more cost-effective way.
• C. This is not something that necessarily requires expensive technical research.
• D. He suggests the country's computer services industry can simply outsource research to foreign universities if the capability is not available locally.
• E. 'This way, I will have access to the best scientists in the world without having to produce them myself,' says Mr Maria.

• A. The global market for electrical and electronic equipment continues to expand, while the lifespan of many products becomes shorter.
• B. The current global production of E-waste is estimated to be 20025 million tonnes per year, with most E-waste being produced in Europe, the United States, and Australasia.
• C. In Europe, e-waste is increasing at three to five percent a year, almost three times faster than the total waste stream.
• D. Consequently, large amounts of "e-waste" are constantly generated worldwide, posing an increasing global challenge for their disposal.

• A. Many students sit in a tutorial week after week without saying anything.
• B. Why is that'
• C. Maybe they do not know the purpose of a tutorial.
• D. They think it is like a small lecture where the tutor gives them information.
• E. Even if students do know what a tutorial is for, there can be other reasons why they keep quiet.

• A. Many of us know what we should be doing to live healthily, yet many of us struggle to actually actively manage our health.
• B. In 'Easier Said Than Done', we set out some of the reasons why we might find it hard to live in a healthy way, exercising, eating well, getting adequate sleep, and checking for early warning symptoms.
• C. Perhaps most importantly, we look to the field of behavioural science for strategies that people can use to overcome those hurdles and to initiate lifestyle changes.
• D. Changing existing behaviour can be a dizcult task, but with the help of these strategies, new behaviours can become habitual, facilitating a long-term sustained healthy lifestyle.

• A. Whatever happened to the idea of progress and a better future' I still believe in both.
• B. The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable development as "development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs".
• C. Implicit in this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained. Is this true'
• D. Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led to new technologies and huge improvements in living standards. [E. T] o assume that we know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time.

• A. Palaus and his colleagues wanted to see if any trends had emerged from the research to date concerning how video games affect the structure and activity of our brains.
• B. They collected the results from 116 scientific studies, 22 of which looked at structural changes in the brain and 100 of which looked at changes in brain functionality and!or behavior.
• C. The studies show that playing video games can change how our brains perform, and even their structure.
• D. For example, playing video games affects our attention, and some studies found that gamers show improvements in several types of attention, such as sustained attention or selective attention.

• A. The Newnes railroad was closed in 1 932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
• B. The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the sandstone in the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
• C. For Newnes, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
• D. The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in this case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat. Found in massive numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.

• A. Hip hop emerged as a reaction to the gang culture and violence of the South Bronx in the 1970s, and daily experiences of poverty, racism, exclusion, crime, violence, and neglect.
• B. It necessarily embodies and values resilience, understanding, community and social justice.
• C. Without these, Hip Hop culture would never have been, and it is because these values remain at its core that Hip Hop is such a powerful agent of positive social change around the world.
• D. Yet, the hip hop project is not yet free from these dizcult circumstances.

• A. With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do battle with its enemy.
• B. How do you do battle with your enemy'
• C. The idea is to destroy the enemy's productive capacity and depending upon the economic foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case.
• D. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy's productive capacity, what you want to do is bum his fields, or if you're really vicious, salt them.
• E. But in the industrial era destroying the enemy's productive capacity means bombing the factories which are located in the cities. F . Now in the information era, destroying the enemy's productive capacity means destroying the information infrastructure.

• A. Recycling electronic waste such as old computers, TVs, and monitors is a daunting challenge considering how much technology we all use today.
• B. The challenge didn't deter IU students, who persuaded the IT Services department to launch its Electronic Waste Collection Days program.
• C. On numerous dates throughout the year, students, faculty, and staff can drop off their old equipment to be completely recycled nothing ends up in a landfill.
• D. Collection days netted more than 650,000 pounds of waste in 2010.

• A. All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some, it is more crucial than others.
• B. It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
• C. If they have put all their effort into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not bother so much with the general complexities of the world around them.
• D. So long as the anteater has its ants and the koala bear is gum leaves, then they are satisfied and the living is easy.
• E. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to relax.

• A. The University of Otago Centre for International Health co-directors Professor Philip Hill and Professor John Crump share a view that global health is a multidisciplinary activity.
• B. In their work from T anzania to the Gambia, from Myanmar to Indonesia and beyond – they tap into a wide range of expertise from across the University, including clinicians, microbiologists, and molecular microbiologists, public health experts, economists and mathematicians.
• C. They have also forged relationships and collaborations with research and aid agencies around the world.
• D. For the past seven years, Professor Philip Hill has been part of a collaborative tuberculosis research project in Indonesia, with the University of Padjadjaran in Bandung, West Java.

• A. The series of strata in an archaeological dig enables an excavator to date recovered objects relatively, if not absolutely.
• B. However, when archaeologists want to know the absolute date of a site, they can often go beyond simple stratigraphy.
• C. Historical records, coins, and other data-bearing objects can help - if they exist. But even prehistoric sites contain records - written in nature's hand.
• D. For example, tree rings, Dendrochronology (literally, 'tree time') dates wooden artefacts by matching their ring patterns to known records, which, in some areas of the world, span several thousand years.

• A. A person or company located in New South Wales may not supply by wholesales any substance which is for their therapeutic use and included in Schedule 2 of the Poisons List.
• B. Unless they are licensed or authorised to do so under the Poisons and Therapeutic Goods Regulation 2002, no one may supply these Schedule 2 substances.
• C. Additionally, wholesales have an obligation to ensure that the persons or companies they supply are licensed or authorised, to obtain, use, supply or possess the substance.
• D. Any breach of these regulations will result in immediate termination employment

• A. Karl Marx is arguably the most famous political philosopher of all time, but he was also one of the great foreign correspondents of the nineteenth century.
• B. During his eleven years of writing for the New York Tribune (their collaboration began in 1852), Marx tackled an abundance of topics, from issues of class and the state to world affairs.
• C. Particularly moving pieces highlight social inequality and starvation in Britain, while others explore his groundbreaking views on the slave and opium trades - Marx believed Western powers relied on these and would stop at nothing to protect their interests.
• D. Above all, Marx's fresh perspective on nineteenth-century events encouraged his readers to think, and his writing is surprisingly relevant today.

• A. Anyone wanting to get to the top of international business, medicine or academia (but possibly not sport) needs to be able to speak English to a pretty high level.
• B. Equally, any native English speaker wanting to deal with these new high achievers needs to know how to talk without ba{ing them.
• C. Because so many English-speakers today are monoglots, they have little idea how dizcult it is to master another language.
• D. Many think the best way to make foreigners understand is to be chatty and informal.
• E. This may seem friendly but, as it probably involves using colloquial expressions ("shall we crack on then'"), it makes comprehension harder.

• A. This site contains a comprehensive listing of the works of Norbert Elias, a German sociologist.
• B. The site lists not only his published books and articles but also manuscripts and oral communications, in a variety of media and including reprints and translations.
• C. The material has been catalogued, cross-referenced and organized by date.
• D. There is, however, no search facility.

• A. Beginning in the 1990s, foreign aid had begun to slowly improve.
• B. Scrutiny by the news media shamed many developed countries into curbing their bad practices. [C. T] oday, the projects of organisations like the World Bank are meticulously inspected by watchdog groups.
• D. Although the system is far from perfect, it is certainly more transparent than it was when foreign aid routinely helped ruthless dictators stay in power.

• A. Piano keys are generally made of spruce or basswood.
• B. Spruce is normally used in high-quality pianos.
• C. Traditionally, the sharps (black keys) were made from ebony and the flats (white keys) were covered with strips of ivory.
• D. But since ivory-yielding species are now endangered and protected by treaty, plastics are now almost exclusively used.

• A. It was there that Rosa Parks, an African American woman, refused to vacate her seat in the middle of the bus so that a white man could sit in her place.
• B. She was arrested for her civil disobedience.
• C. Parks' arrest, a coordinated tactic meant to spark a grassroots movement, succeeded in catalyzing the Montgomery bus boycott.
• D. Parks was chosen by King as the face for his campaign because of Parks' good standing with the community, her employment and her marital status.
• E. Earlier in 1955, Claudette Colvin, a 15-year old African American girl, had been arrested for the same crime, however, King and his civil rights compatriots did not feel that she would serve as an effective face for their civil rights campaign.

• A. A review is a survey of what you have covered.
• B. It is a review of what you are supposed to accomplish not what you are going to do.
• C. Rereading is an important part of the review process.
• D. Reread with the idea that you are measuring what you have gained from the process.

• A. For as long as I can remember, there has been a map in the ticket hall of Piccadilly Circus tube station supposedly showing night and day across the time zones of the world.
• B. This is somewhat surprising given the London Underground's historic dizculty in grasping the concept of punctuality.
• C. But this map has always fascinated me, and still does, even though it now seems very primitive.
• D. This is because it chops the world up equally by longitude, without regard to the reality of either political divisions or the changing seasons.

• A. According to experts, feeding birds is probably the most common way in which people interact with wild animals today. More than 50 million Americans engage in the practice, collectively undertaking an unwitting experiment on a vast scale.
• B. Is what we're doing good or bad for birds' Recently, researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology sought to answer this question, analyzing nearly three decades' worth of data from a winter-long survey called Project FeederWatch.
• C. Preliminary results suggest the species visiting our feeders the most are faring exceptionally well in an age when one-third of the continent's birds need urgent conservation.
• D. Still, what are the consequences of skewing the odds in favour of the small subset of species inclined to eat at feeders' What about when the bird we're aiding is invasive, like our house finch'

• A. T o gauge optimism and pessimism, the researchers set up an experiment involving 22 calves.
• B. Before they started the experiment, they trained the calves to understand which of their choices would lead to a reward.
• C. In the training, each calf entered a small pen and found a wall with five holes arranged in a horizontal line, two- and-a-half feet apart.
• D. The hole at one end contained milk from a bottle, while the hole at the opposite end contained only an empty bottle and delivered a puff of air in calves' faces.
• E. The calves learned quickly which side of the pen held the milk reward.

The wrist watch works by [tracking] information such as a person's pulse or movement. When it [detects] [a] change in a person's health, the watch sends information to a touchscreen hub [located] in the home. The hub [then] [alerts] pre-determined contacts and calls for help immediately. Options :

Paris is very old - there has been a settlement there for at least 6,000 years and its shape has been determined in [part] by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France's rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades from being [created] [by the rebellious] population, that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. Earlier, Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so whose houses were [simply] razed, and whose neighbourhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn [down] . Options :

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and [wellbeing] [. Regular] physical activity is important in reducing the risk of [chronic] diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes, and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for adults [recommend] [at least 30] minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, [preferably] every day of the week, to [obtain] [health] benefits. Options :

If you have a [chronic] disease such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain, exercise can have [important health] [benefits] . However, it's important to talk to your doctor before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have [advice] on what exercises are safe and any precautions you might need to take while exercising. Options :

Today, many companies emphasize [sustainability] in their operations. For example, packaging should be made from recyclable materials to ensure proper [disposal] . In households, using energy-ezcient kitchen [appliances] helps reduce environmental impact. Options :

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