PTE Reading Fill in the Blanks Predictions – 8–14 June 2026 Weekly Study File

Seventeen years ago, I walked through the city hall for the first time as a staff member. And that walk [revealed] something to me. I was a unicorn. There weren't many people who looked like me that worked in the [building] . And yet, there were folks committed to addressing hundreds of years of systemic [inequity] [that left some] behind and many ignored. Where there was a promise, there was a huge problem. You see, [democracy] , as it was originally designed, had a fatal flaw. It only laid a [pipeline] for rich white men to progress. Options :

)

Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling of [equities] [and fears] about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time, trading in the US and European credit markets were [exceptionally] [heavy] for a third consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild [swings] [in] the prices of credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against [corporate] defaults. Options :

It's interesting that in our minds, we keep thinking of the [vaccine] discovery like it's the Holy Grail. But there are a couple of shortcuts here that I'd like to unpack. I'm not a doctor, I'm just a [consultant] . My clients focus on health care -- biopharma companies, providers, global health [institutions] -- and they've educated me. We need to find the tools to fight COVID, and we need to make them [accessible] to all. Options :

Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained land. Sydney is suitable for integrating suitable business, ozce, residential, retail, and other development in accessible locations so as to [maximize public transport] [patronage] and encourage walking and cycling. Also, this city can reduce the [consumption] of land for housing and associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed mixed business, mixed-use, and business park areas, there was no employment data available for [comparable] areas. It is also concluded that a lack of housing supply will affect [affordability] in Sydney. Options :

Active Learning Classrooms (ALCs) are student-centered, technology-rich classrooms. They are easily identified [with] their large circular tables and movable seating designed to improve student [engagement] in class. Typically, each table is accompanied by a whiteboard and flat-screen monitor to [display] student work and larger rooms frequently have miniature bulbs and microphones and at each table. In this way, students are able to [signal] if they have questions or want to speak to the entire room. ALCs provide the hands-on environment that has transformed old classes from passive lectures to very active group design work. Options :

Much has been said of the Latino vote in this election, which is something I know a little bit about, having been working [obsessively] over it for the last 16 years. Latinos are the fastest-growing [demographic] , with the largest voter registration cap in America. A Latino youth turns 18 every 30 seconds. While the mode for whites in America is 58, the mode for Latinx is 11 years old. You heard that right. And it's these new voters and the youth who are [translating] America for their immigrant families who are leading the charge for [audacious] change. Options :

)

Based on collaborative research by Arizona 's top business schools, this study of leadership and company performance uncovers the effects of leadership driven by [profits] , cost control and maintaining market share, versus leadership driven more by balancing employee relations and development, customer or client [needs] , and the welfare of the greater community. T ogether, Mary Sully de Luque, an assistant professor of management and a research Fellow at Thunderbird School of Global Management, and David Waldman, director of the Center for Responsible Leadership at ASU's School of Global Management and Leadership at the West campus, have found that maintaining a specific focus on profits in [decision-making] [can have] [negative] effects on how a leader is viewed. Options :

The wool market was extremely important to the English medieval economy and wool [dominated] [the English] export trade from the late thirteenth century to its [decline] in the late fifteenth century. Wool was at the forefront of the establishment of England as a European [political] and economic power and this volume is the first study of the medieval wool market in over 20 years. It investigates in detail the scale and scope of advance [contracts] for the sale of wool, the majority of these agreements were formed between English monasteries and Italian merchants, and the book focuses on the data contained within them. The pricing structures and market ezciency of the agreements are examined, [employing] practices from modern finance. Options :

First impressions based on facial appearance predict many important social outcomes. We investigated whether such impressions also influence the communication of scientific findings to lay audiences, a process that [shapes] public beliefs, opinion, and policy. First, we investigated the traits that [engender] interest in a scientist's work, and those that create the impression of a "good scientist" who does high-quality research. Apparent competence and morality were positively related to both interest and quality judgments, [whereas] [attractiveness boosted] interest but decreased perceived quality. Next, we had members of the public choose real science news stories to read or watch and found that people were more likely to choose items that were paired with "interesting-looking" scientists, especially when selecting video-based communications. Finally, we had people read real science news items and found that the research was judged to be of higher quality when paired with researchers who look like "good scientists." Our findings offer [insights] into the social psychology of science, and indicate a source of bias in the dissemination of scientific findings to broader society. Options :

Digital media and the internet have made the sharing of texts, music, and images easier than ever, and the [enforcement of copyright] [restriction] harder. This situation has encouraged the growth of IP law and prompted increased industrial concentration on [extending] and 'policing' IP protection, while also leading to the growth of 'open access', or 'creative commons' movement which [challenges] such control of knowledge and [creativity] . Options :

)

UWS graduates Racha Abboud and Anna Ford, whose story first appeared in GradLife in December 2009, have [successfully] risen through the ranks to be [appointed] Associates at leading western Sydney law firm, Coleman Greig Lawyers. The promotion marks the [culmination] of many years of hard work for these legal [eagles] who are the first to rise to this [level] from the firm's Cadet Lawyer program with UWS. Options :

Modern developments in areas such as neuroscience, artificial intelligence, and evolutionary psychology have [resulted in new] [ways] of thinking about human nature. Can we explain the mind and consciousness in [terms] of brain function' Can we understand modern human behavior in terms of our evolutionary heritage' Is science even the right [place] to start if we want to understand human nature' Come along the Great Debate, hear the arguments, and have your [say] . Options :

What such a map would have failed to [reveal] , however, was the changing nature of the connections put in place by Western firms as they shifted work around the globe. It is often assumed that when Western firms, or any film for that matter, reach out across borders to establish a factory outlet here, an assembly plant there, or a [subsidiary] in some far-off location, they do so through directly investing and [thereby] [wholly owning such] facilities. In the 1970s and 1980s, among the low-cost manufacturing overseas operations, this was indeed often the case, but increasingly Western firms started to conduct their business at-a-distance through a variety of indirect [means, of which] [subcontracting] became the principal arrangement. Options :

Secondary school can be a lonely place for [adolescents] who don't have a best friend or a group of [trusted] friends. Young people will be more skilled in the art of making genuine friends (and keeping them) if they know how to be [assertive] , are optimistic about life, have some [basic] social skills and have a relationship with a parent!carer that includes [honest] talk. Options :

Britain became the largest [shareholder] in the canal in 1875, purchasing its interest from the Egyptian khedive. The Convention of Constantinople signed by the major European powers in 1888 declared the canal a [neutral] waterway to remain open to all nations in time of peace or war. Britain became the [guarantor] [of the canal's] neutrality and management was left to the Paris-based Suez Canal Co. Options :

)

It is understandable that the government would look outside of Medicare to get the ezciency-related changes it [wants] . If Medicare was capable of delivering those [changes] , it would have already done so. Finding another organization that can deliver these services at a [reduced] cost with increased functionality, especially to the consumer of these services, makes absolute sense. The objections to making such a move will be about the [potential loss of] [jobs] from Medicare. Given how labor-intensive the current system is, this will be a genuine concern, but one that is facing all industries dealing with modernization through improved technology. Options :

To invest, you need to [draw up] a clear plan, do your own research, [build in] a margin of safety by always [thinking about the] [valuation] , and ultimately, be patient. By all means, include some [speculative] [picks if] you wish, but ensure they are only a small part of your portfolio. Looking for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble, and double again is exciting but such firms are very [rare] . There are a lot more that have a consistent record of paying out the dividends which really make the markets work for you, once they are reinvested. Options :

When our skin is directly [exposed] to the sun, our bodies make vitamin D, a vital tool that helps with calcium [absorption] and building strong bones. Some of it comes from diet, but a good portion also comes from the sun. And according to the Mayo Clinic, as little as 10 minutes of sun [exposure] can provide us with our daily dose. According to the vitamin D council, 'your body can produce 10,000 to 25,000 IU of vitamin D in just a little under the time it takes for your skin to [turn] pink. Options :

Researchers suggest the following tips as you begin to network, seek common ground, [engage] [with your] network regularity, and consistently [apply] yourself to making your network work or it will wither. It is a skill that [you need to] [practice] , not a talent. Options :

Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has become a staple of our modern life [and] [culture] . While the current body of research related to the effects of coffee [consumption] [on human] health has been contradictory, a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food T echnologists (IFT), found that the potential [benefits] [of moderate] coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers for the majority of major health [outcomes] considered. Options :

)

Some students say that they need complete quiet to read and study. Others study best in a crowded, noisy room because the noise actually [helps] them concentrate. Some students like quiet music playing, [others] [do] not. The point is, you should know the level of noise that is optimal for your own studying. However, one general rule for all students is that the television seems to be more of a distraction than music or other background noise, so [leave] the TV off when you are reading or studying. [Also] , don't let yourself become distracted by computer games, email, or Internet surfing. Options :

Many UK newspapers have a strong online [presence] but falling print circulations and changes to advertising trends have caused the [press] [sector to experience] [declining] [revenues. The latest] [figures] [show] that around two-thirds of [local] authority areas don't have a daily newspaper. Options :

Fingerprints can [prove] that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the police to [identify] an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help [reserve] DNA and be used to match the [samples] taken from the crime scenes. Options :

Paris is very old -- there has been a settlement there for at least 6,000 years and its shape has been determined in [part] by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France' s rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were constructed to prevent any more barricades being [created] [by the rebellious] population, that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so whose houses were [simply] razed, and whose neighborhoods disappeared. What is done cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn [down] . . Options :

A fossilized trackway on public lands in Lake County, Oregon, may reveal [clues] about the ancient family dynamics of Columbian mammoths. Recently excavated by a [team] from the University of Oregon Museum of Natural and Cultural History, the Bureau of Land Management, and the University of Louisiana, the trackway includes 117 footprints thought to represent a number of [adults] as well as juvenile and infant mammoths. Options :

Trees, as ever, are or should be at the heart of all [discussion] on climate change. The changes in carbon dioxide, in temperature, and in patterns of rainfall will each affect them in many ways, and each parameter [interacts] with all the others, so between them, these three main [variables] present a bewildering range of possibilities. Options :

)

Recommended energy intakes are dizcult to [calculate] even among individuals of the same age, sex, weight, height, and the general pattern of [activity] . Therefore, the energy requirement for healthy people is often expressed as the amount of energy needed to [maintain] the status quo. Options :

When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of these concepts. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary [pressure] may build up or bubbles may appear in financial markets ; until central banks tighten policy or market opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of [economic] activity or a drop in asset prices can leave households, businesses, and financial institutions in trouble if their balance sheets are not liquid enough (the second concept) or if they cannot find a buyer for [assets] . Options :

Education and well-being have often been [associated] . The idea that education can promote individual well- [being indirectly, by] [improving] [earnings and promoting] [social] mobility, is an old one, so are notions of education helping to promote the good society by [contributing] to economic growth and equality of opportunity. Options :

An ice storm is a type of [weather] . [Cold] rain falls down into the cold air changing from water into [ice] . A heavy ice storm left [more] than a hundred residents' electricity cutoff. Because the ice storm hit down the wire. Options :

Shakespeare produced most of his [works] between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, [genres] he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest works in the English language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and [collaborated] with other playwrights. Options :

You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many marks are [available] for each part when you answer it Even if you think you can write more, don't spend 15 minutes [answering] [a part] worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end of your answer and come back to it if you have [time] to spare later. And if you can't think of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on to the next part. Don't write about something else if you don't know the correct answer this is just a waste of your [valuable] time. Options :

)

Technology and flexible work [practices] have had a significant impact on today's busy companies. In terms of productivity. it seems the [focus] has shifted from managing employees in the workplace to monitoring their [total] [output] no matter where they choose to work. Whether this trend will continue depends to some [extent] on how well it works for everyone concerned. Options :

Multinational companies are often criticized for a number of reasons, but we cannot deny their [positive] impact. Employment opportunities are generated for locals in the overseas country. When multinational companies set up manufacturing plants, there is often an increased [availability] of products for local consumers, which profits the local economy. Training is also sometimes provided in the use of technology, moreover, the experience and knowledge that the employees [gain] strengthens their skills and overall employability. Options :

In geologic terms, a plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock. The word tectonics comes from the Greek [root] ["to] build." putting these two words together, we get the term plate tectonics, which [refers] to how the Earth's surface is built of plates. The theory of plate tectonics [states] that the Earth's outermost layer is [fragmented] into a dozen or larger and small plates that are moving [relative] to one another. Options :

An eccentric mix of English, German and French has entered Japanese usage with grand [abandon] [. A 'kariya'] woman is a career woman, and a 'mansion' is an apartment. This increasing use of katakana, or unique Japanese versions of Western words, and the younger generation's more casual use of the Japanese language have [prompted] Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi to worry that these new words may not be understood by a wider audience. As a result, a government panel is proposing to publish a manual on how to speak proper Japanese. Foreign words became katakana Japanese [because] no existing Japanese words could quite capture a specific meaning or feeling. When the word 'cool' traveled east, all of its English connotations did not make the journey. A kuru person in Japan is someone who is calm and never gets upset. On the other hand, someone who is kakkoii is hip, or in translation, 'cool.' [similarly] , a hot to a person is one who is easily excitable, perhaps passionate, but not necessarily a popular person or personality of the moment. Options :

The exponential growth of the Internet was [heralded] , in the 1990s, as revolutionizing the production and [dissemination] of information. Some people saw the internet as a means of [democratizing] [access to] [knowledge. For people] [concerned] with African development, it seemed to offer the possibility of [leapfrogging] over the technology gap that [separates] Africa from advanced industrialized countries. Options :

)

Fingerprints, referred to as 'fingermarks' in forensics, are formed when residue from the ridged skin of the fingers or [palms is] [transferred] onto a surface, leaving behind an impression. Fingermarks are often made of sweat and [colorless] [contaminating] materials such as soap, moisturizer, and grease. These fingermarks are described as 'latent' as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that [locating] them at a crime scene can be challenging. Options :

An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology is the central role of [discourse] to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular, the [ideas] that people hold about how language works combine with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent years, [linguistic] anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely analytic [tools] [for] tracking those effects. Options :

Lake Turkana is a large lake in Kenya, East Africa. This [part] of Africa was home to some of the first humans. Here, archaeologists have found piles of bones (both human and animal) and collections of stones that humans used [as] [tools] . By carefully uncovering and [examining] these remains, scientists have started to put together the story of our earliest ancestors. In 2001, a 4 million-year-old skeleton was uncovered in the area. Although a link between it and modern-day humans has not been established, the skeleton shows the species was walking upright. Options :

Under-nutrition and related diseases kill between 15 and 18 million people a year, the [majority] [are children. At] least 500 million are chronically hungry. The tragic paradox of massive suffering [amid] global plenty traces in [part] to widespread poverty, which denies access to food [even] where it piles high in the village market. Options :

Chimpanzee posture, gestures, and facial expressions communicate many messages and [emotions] [between] [various individuals. When] [greeting] a dominant individual following an absence or in response to an aggressive [gesture, nervous] [subordinates] may approach with submissive signals . crouching, presenting the hindquarters, holding a hand out . accompanied by pant-grunts or squeaks. In response, the dominant individual may [make gestures of] [reassurance] , such as touching, kissing, or embracing. Options :

No two siblings are the same, not even [identical twins] [. Parents often] [puzzle] about why their children are so different from one another. They'll say, 'I [brought] them l up all the same.' They forget that what [determines] our behavior isn't what happens to us but how we [interpret] what happens to us, and no two people ever see anything in exactly the same way. Options :

)

The coastal hypothesis [suggests] an economy based on marine mammal hunting, saltwater fishing, shellfish gathering, and the use of watercraft. [Because] of the barrier of ice to the east, the Pacific Ocean to the west, and populated areas to the north, may have been a greater [impetus] for people to move in a southerly direction. Options :

The new systematic nomenclature was so [cumbersome] that many chemists preferred to [revert to] [the] older trivial names that were at least shorter. At least, that is the ostensible reason. Actually, the tradition seems to carry more weight than a [system] with some scientists. Options :

The precise relationship between fiction and life has been debated extensively. [Most] [modern critics agree] that, whatever its apparent factual content or verisimilitude, fiction is finally to be regarded as a structured imitation of life and should not be confused with a literal [transcription] of life itself. While fiction is a work of the [imagination rather than] [reality] , it can also be based closely on real events, sometimes experienced by the author. In a work of fiction, the author is not the same [as] the narrator, the voice that tells the story. Authors maintain a distance from their characters. Sometimes that distance is obvious for instance if a male writer tells a story from the point of view of a female character. Other times it is not so obvious, especially if we know something of the author's life and there are clear connections between the story and the author s life. The writer of fiction is free to choose his or her subject matter and is free to invent, select, and [arrange] [fictional elements] [to] [achieve] his or her purpose. The elements of fiction are the different components that make up a work of fiction. All literature explores a theme or significant truth expressed in various elements such as character, plot, setting, point of view, style, and tone that are essential and specific to each work of fiction. All of these elements bind a literary work into a consistent whole and give it unity. Understanding these elements can help the reader gain insight into life, human motives, and experience. Such insight is one of the principal [aims] of an effective work of fiction, when readers are [able] to perceive it, they develop a sense of literary judgment that is capable of enriching their lives. The following sections describe elements that should be considered in the [analysis] [of] fiction. Options :

One city will start to [attract] the majority of public and! or private investment. This could be due to [natural] advantage or political decisions. This in [turn] will stimulate further investment due to the multiplier effect and [significant rural] [to] urban migration. The investment in this city will be at the [expense] of other cities. Options :

An individual's propensity to take risks is influenced by their own experience and that of others. The key [feature] in risk-taking is the balancing of perceptions of the [risk] and the possible rewards, and this balance may be a [reflection] of an individual's particular type of [personality] . Options :

)

There are two [basic] branches of the science of astronomy: observational and theoretical. Observational astronomy, as the name suggests, is [concerned] with observing the skies and then analyzing the observations, using the principles of physics. Theoretical astronomy [focuses] more on developing computer or analytical models to describe astronomical phenomena. The two fields [complement] each other, with observational [astronomers attempting to] [confirm] theoretical results, and theoreticians aiming to explain what has been observed. Options :

The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a library [designated] [to facilitate] the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United Nations Headquarters grounds [pass] , including specialized agencies, accredited media, and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to [security] constraints in place at the United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general [public] . Options :

University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology bits of it such as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol, and Oxford) could remain [open] by 2014. Most recently, Exeter University closed down its chemistry department, [blaming] it on 'market forces', and Bristol took in some of the refugees. The closures have been [blamed on a] [fall] in student applications, but money is a [factor] : chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and some scientists say that the way the government concentrates [research] [funding] on a small number of top departments, such as Bristol, exacerbates the [problem] . Options :

Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records don't [exist] [, we need] to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point on it, while we still have a [chance] . After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or another, then the stories are [lost] too. Options :

)

Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements insight, and all forms of media, from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are [filled] with adverts. This all-pervasive presence [reflects] [the value of] advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and sizes would [struggle] to inform potential customers about the products or services they provide, and consumers would be unable to make [informed] [assessments] when looking for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products and [practices] that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes, and cosmetics to make us look and feel better- would be [infinitely] [more] [problematic] than it is. And without advertisements and the [aspirations] represented in them, the world would be a far [duller] place. Options :

More than simply putting flowers in a [container] , ikebana is a disciplined art form in which nature and [humanity] are brought together. Contrary to the [idea] of a particoloured or multicoloured [arrangement] of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the [plant] , such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form. Though ikebana is an [expression] of creativity, certain rules govern its form. The artist's intention behind each arrangement is shown through a piece's colour [combinations] , natural shapes, graceful lines, and the implied meaning of the arrangement. Options :

Kathryn Mewes does not meet bohemian, hippy parents in her [line of work] . Typically one, or both, of the parents she sees work in the City of London. "Professionals seek professionals," she says. Originally a nanny, Mewes is now a parenting consultant, advising couples privately on changing their child's behavior, as well as doing corporate seminars for working parents. Her clients find they are unprepared for the chaos and unpredictability that having a child can entail. "Parents are getting older, they have been in control of their [whole lives] [and been] successful. Suddenly a baby turns up and life turns on its head." Nicknamed the "Three-Day Nanny" [because of] her pledge to fix behavioral problems in children under the age of 12 within three days, she is filming a new Channel 4 television series demonstrating her techniques. The [role] of the parenting consultant – distinct from that of a nanny – has developed, she says, as people are used to buying in expertise, such as personal trainers or, in her case, parenting advice. Options :

)

Omniscience may be a foible of men, but it is not so of books. Knowledge, as Johnson said, is of two [kinds] [, you] may know a thing yourself, and you may know where to find it. Now the amount which you may actually know yourself must, at its best, be limited, but what you may know of the [sources] of information may, with proper training, become almost boundless. And here come the [value] and use of reference books - the working of one book in connexion with another - and applying your own [intelligence] to both. By this means we get as near to that omniscient volume which tells everything as ever we shall get, and although the single volume or work which tells everything does not exist, there is a vast number of reference books in existence, knowledge and proper use of which is essential to every intelligent person. Necessary as I believe reference books to be, they can easily be made [to be] [contributory] to idleness, and too mechanical a use should not be made of them. Options :

Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as a way of projecting our self- identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy – whether it's country or classical, rock n' roll or rap – [reflects] who we are. But where did music, at its core, first come from' It's a puzzling question that may not have a definitive answer. One [leading] researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from 'motherese' – the playful voices mothers [adopt] [when speaking to] [infants] and toddlers. As the theory goes, and increased human brain size caused by evolutionary changes occurring between one and 2,000,000 years ago resulted in earlier births, more fragile infants, and a [critical] need for stronger relationships between mothers and their newborn babies. According to Parncutt, who is based at the University of Graz in Austria, 'motherese' arose as a way to strengthen this maternal bond and to help [ensure] an infant's survival. Options :

Cuteness in offspring is a [potent] protective mechanism that ensures survival for otherwise completely [dependent] infants. Previous research has linked cuteness to early ethological ideas of a "kindchenschema" (infant schema) where infant facial features serve as "innate releasing mechanisms" for [instinctual] [caregiving] behaviours. We propose extending the concept of cuteness beyond visual features to include [positive] [infant] sounds and smells. Evidence from behavioural and neuroimaging studies links this extended concept of cuteness to simple "instinctual" behaviours and to caregiving, protection and complex emotions. We review how cuteness [supports] key parental capacities by igniting fast privileged neural activity followed by [slower] [processing] in large brain networks also involved in play, empathy, and perhaps even higher-order moral emotions. Options :

)

Discrimination against women has been alleged in hiring practices for many occupations, but it is extremely dizcult to demonstrate sex-biased hiring. A change [in] the way symphony orchestras [recruiting] [musicians] provides an unusual way to test for sex-biased hiring. T o overcome possible biases in hiring, most orchestras [revised] their audition policies in the 1970s and 1980s. A major change involved the use of blind' auditions with a [screen' to] [conceal] the identity of the candidate from the jury. Female musicians in the top five symphony orchestras in the United States were less than 5% of all players in 1970 but are 25% today. We ask whether women were more likely to be advanced and!or hired with the use of blind' auditions. Using data from actual auditions in an individual fixed-effects framework, we find that the screen [increases] by 50% the probability a woman will be [advanced] out of certain preliminary rounds. The screen also enhances, by several folds, the likelihood a female contestant will be the winner in the final round. Using data on orchestra personnel, the switch to blind' auditions can explain between 30% and 55% of the increase in the proportion female among new hires and between 25% and 46% of the increase in the percentage female in the orchestras since 1970. Options :

Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, [void] of all characters, without any ideas: - How comes it to be [furnished] ' Whence comes it by that vast store which the busy and [boundless] [fancy of] man has painted on it with an almost endless variety' Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge' T [o] this, I answer, in one word, from [experience] . Options :

The allure of the book has always been negative and [positive] , for the texts and pictures between the covers have helped many young readers to [discover] and grasp the world around them in a pleasurable and meaningful way. But the allure has also enabled authors and publishers to [prey] upon young readers' dispositions and [desires and to] [sell] them a menu that turns out to be junk food. The texts and pictures titillate children or reinforce certain formulaic patterns of thinking that reduce the possibility for the child to develop his or her [own] creative and critical talents. Options :

Australia and New :ealand have many common links. Both countries were recently settled by Europeans, are predominantly English speaking and in that sense, share a common cultural [heritage] . Although in close proximity to one another, both countries are geographically isolated and have small populations by world [standards] . They have similar histories and enjoy close relations on many fronts. In terms of population [characteristics] , Australia and New :ealand have much in common. Both countries have minority indigenous populations, and during the latter half of the 20th century have seen a steady stream of migrants from a variety of regions throughout the world. Both countries have [experienced] similar declines in fertility since the high levels recorded during the baby boom, and alongside this have enjoyed the benefits of continually improving life expectancy. One consequence of these trends is that both countries are faced with an aging [population and the] [associated] challenge of providing appropriate care and support for this growing group within the community. Options :

)

Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every year but the gas is usually [harmless] . When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out into the atmosphere and isn't [concentrated] in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets trapped [underground] under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense [cloud] , it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly. Options :

Although for centuries preparations derived from living [matter] were applied to wounds to destroy [infection] , the fact that a microorganism is [capable] of destroying one of another species was not [established] until the latter half of the 19th century. When Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and pointed out that this action might be put to [therapeutic] use. Options :

From the time of the very earliest civilizations, man has wondered about the world he lives in, about how it was created, and about how it will end. In these distant times, the sun was seen to make its daily [journey] [across] the sky. At night the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights, it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks of light. They [became] [known] as the stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had its own purpose and that the [secrets] [of the] universe could be discovered by making a study of them. It was well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in different nightly positions against their neighbors and they became known as planets. It took centuries, in fact, it took millennia, for man to [determine] the true nature of these wandering stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to [predict] their positions in the sky. Options :

It seems we live in a bizarre Universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science is the prospect that 75% of the Universe is made up of a mysterious [substance] known as 'Dark Energy', which causes an acceleration of cosmic expansion. Since a further 21% of the Universe is made up of invisible 'Cold Dark Matter' that can only be [detected] through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest is apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget. These [discoveries] require a shift in our perception as great as that made after [Copernicus] [revelation] that the Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the chequered history of Dark Energy, not only since Einstein's proposal for a similar entity in 1917 but by tracing the concept back to Newton's ideas. This lecture will [summarise] the current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved: the "Dark Energy Survey", the Hubble Space T elescope, and the proposed Euclid space mission. Options :

One thing is certain. Most people do not get enough exercise in their [ordinary] routines. All of the advances of modern technology ; from [electric] can openers to power steering ; have made life easier, more comfortable, [and] [much] [less physically] [demanding] . Yet our bodies need activity, especially if they are carrying around too much fat. Satisfying this need requires a definite plan and a commitment. Options :

)

People who visit health professionals tend to be older than the [general] population because illness increases with age. However, the [proportion] of the population who visited complementary health [therapists] [was] highest between the ages of 25 and 64 years. The lower rates for people aged 65 years and over [contrasted] with the rate of visits to other health professionals which increased steadily with increasing age. The reasons for this difference might include lower levels of [acceptance] of complementary therapies by older people. Alternatively, older people may have different treatment priorities than do younger people because their health on average is worse while their incomes are generally lower. Options :

Research has suggested that major stresses in our lives are life [changes] , for example, moving house, marriage, or relationship breakdown. Work-related factors, [including] unemployment and boredom, are also [common] [causes] of stress. Differences in personality may also [play] a part. Options :

How is plagiarism detected' It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within students' work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students' assessed work [through] electronic detection software called [Turnitin. This software] [compares] [students' work] [against] text on the Internet, in journal articles, and [within previously] [submitted] work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any matches it [finds] . Options :

We now know through the work of neuroscientists that the human brain is wired to mimic other people, and this mimicry involves actual involuntary physiological [experience] in the observer. Human beings tend to imitate actions that they see. Physiologically, our brains include mirror neurons, which [react] to actions that are seen as if we are doing the action ourselves. It is largely an unconscious and automatic experience. When we hear people speak, observe their vocal [nuances] , watch their posture, gestures, and facial expressions, etc, neural networks in our brains are stimulated by the" shared representations" generating feelings within us that [reflect] the experience of those we are observing. Options :

The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843 and was named the method of difference. A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses of water which are [identical] in every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these glasses. The water changes color. According to Mill's method of a difference, it is safe to assume that the change in the color of the water is due to the [introduction] [of a new] [factor - the] [independent] variable -in this case, the ink. Options :

)

Team Lab's digital mural at the entrance to T okyo's Skytree, one of the world's monster skyscrapers, is 40 meters long and immensely detailed. But [however] , massive this form of digital art becomes-and it's a form subject to rampant inflation-Inoko's theories about seeing is based on more modest and often pre-digital sources. An early devotee of comic books and cartoons (no surprises there), then computer games, he recognized when he started to look at traditional Japanese art that all those forms had something [in common] : something about the way they captured space. In his discipline of physics, Inoko had been taught that photographic lenses, [along with] [the] conventions of western art were the logical way of transforming three dimensions into two, conveying the real world on to a flat surface. [But] Japanese traditions employed "a different spatial logic", as he said in an interview last year with j-collabo.org, which is "uniquely Japanese". Options :

The study of objects constitutes a relatively new field of academic enquiry, commonly referred to as material culture studies. Students of material culture seek to understand societies, both past and present, through careful study and [observation] of the physical or material objects generated by those societies. The source material for study is [exceptionally] wide, [including] not just human-made artifacts but also natural objects and even preserved body parts (as you saw in the film 'Encountering a body'). Some specialists in the field of material culture have made bold claims for its pre-eminence. In certain disciplines, it reigns [supreme] . It plays a critical role in archaeology, for example, [especially] in circumstances where written evidence is either patchy or non-existent. In such cases, objects are all [scholars] have to rely on in forming an understanding of ancient peoples. Even where written documents survive the physical remains of literate cultures often help to provide new and interesting insights into how people once lived and thought, as in the case of medieval and post-medieval archaeology. In analyzing the physical remains of societies, both past and present, historians, archaeologists, anthropologists and others have been careful to remind us that objects mean [different] things to different people. Options :

From the earliest civilizations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means of understanding and recording the potential uses, such as their economic and healing properties. From the first illustrated [catalog] [of] medicinal plants, De Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century through to the late fourteenth century, the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries, resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little more than stylized decoration. With the growing [popularity] of copperplate engravings, the traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals became more [accurate] . Then, with the emergence of artists such as Albrecht Durer and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in botany, and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse Aldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be [depicted] [in a more] realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed directly and their likeness [rendered] [onto paper] or vellum. Options :

) (

The National Portrait Gallery's Conservation Department performs one of the Gallery's [core] [functions, the long-] term preservation of all Collection items, to make them [accessible] now and in the future. The Collection [dates] from the 8th century to the present day and [consists] of portraits in a variety of media, so the gallery employs Conservators with [expertise] in a range of disciplines, including Framing, Painting, Paper, Sculpture, and Photography. Options :

In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices don't just need to know [medicine] [. They] must also be able to balance budgets, motivate a large and [diverse] staff, and make dizcult marketing and [legal] decisions. 'The focus in medical school is to train good doctors, but part of being a good doctor is being a good manager,' says Fawaz Siddiqi, a neurosurgical resident at the London Health Sciences Centre in Canada. 'It's having a core understanding of how to work within the context of an organization.' The desire to be a 'good manager' is precisely the reason Dr. Siddiqi, who [aspires] one day to run a hospital, decided to go back to school. This past autumn he enrolled in a health-sector MBA program at the Ivey School of Business at the University of Western Ontario. Options :

Education is generally considered to be a key factor in improving outcomes for Indigenous Australians, with many studies showing that improved [health] and socioeconomic status are directly [linked] [to educational] participation and achievement. There is a range of issues [affecting] participation in education for Indigenous [Australians, including] [access] to educational institutions, financial constraints, and community expectations. Options :

In the process of studying these techniques, I learned something [remarkable] : that there's far more potential [in our] [minds] than we often give them credit for. I'm not just talking about the fact that it's possible to memorize [lots of] [information] using memory techniques. I'm talking about a lesson that is more general and in a way much bigger: that it's possible, with training and hard work, to teach oneself to do something that might seem really [dizcult] . Options :

The University of Maryland boasts 78 academic programs [ranked] in the top 25 nationally and 29 academic programs in the top 10 according to U.S. News and World report. By drawing top-notch faculty, attracting the brightest [students, and] [investing] in the quality of our academic programs, we are a force to reckon with on a national [basis] . Options :

)

The [closing] decades of an artist's life do not generally make the biographer's heart beat faster, but Claude Monet is one of a [handful] of painters who bucks the pattern of an irrelevant old age. While it's true that by the time he was 73 he had [accumulated] all the usual dragging baggage. Options :

The Alpine Newt is native to much of central, continental Europe and [occurs] up the coasts of northeast France through to Holland but it does not [appear] to have been native to the British Isles. As its name [suggests] [it] can be found in montane habitats up to 2,500 meters in altitude but it can also be abundant in lowlands, and it will [use a] [variety] of water bodies including both shallow and deep ponds and slow-flowing streams (Grizths, 1995). Options :

Dance has played an important role in may musicals. In some [cases] , dance numbers are included as an excuse to add to the color and spectacle of the show, but dance is more [effective] when it forms an integral part of the plot. An early example is Richard Rodgers on Your T oes (1936) in which the story about classical ballet meeting the world of jazz enabled dance to be introduced in a way that [enhances] , rather than interrupts the drama. Options :

Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the pulses of the market, from the [beats] of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history, and [philosophy, and introducing] [geniuses] novelties from Alcibiades to Gauss, this [inspiring] [book makes the] mysteries of math accessible and its rich [patterns] textures brilliantly clear. Options :

Since biological systems with signs of [complex] engineering are unlikely to have arisen from accidents or [coincidences, their] [organization] must come from natural selection and hence should have [functions] useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in which humans evolved. Options :

Because of the instructional methods, expected class participation, and the nature of the courses vary, no fixed number of absences is applicable to all [situations] [. Each] [instructor] is responsible for making clear to the class at the beginning of the [semester] his or her policies and procedures in regard to class [attendance] and the reasons for them. Options :

)

Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and examining it from many different [angles] and perspectives. It involves going beyond the [obvious] or beyond "easy" to seek new [understanding and rare] [solutions] . It involves looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems with new skepticism, everyday conflicts with probing [curiosity] , and daily challenges with greater attention to detail. Options :

Talking is not just an activity of the vocal cords, it is a way of connecting with ourselves and [others] [that] creates a culture of health and [wellbeing] . Specifically, speaking with healthcare [practitioners] [about] health worries, and more generally opening up to create more and stronger social [ties] , can have many positive benefits. Options :

What is music' In one sense, this is an easy [question] . Even the least musical among us can recognize pieces of music when we hear them and name a few canonical [examples] . We know there are different kinds of music and, even if our [knowledge] of music is restricted, we know which kinds we like and which kinds we do not. Options :

Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal [explanations] for why so many banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural. Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to function as they should. Rules and guidelines were either [inadequate] or ignored. The second explanation is that Wall Street [was] [incompetent] , that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that they made extravagant bets without [understanding] the consequences. Options :

It is dizcult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth century the new country was [established] and known as 'Lesser Britain', but for many centuries its language [remained] [close to the] one of Great Britain - very close even to the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth century is the milestone where Breton, Cornish, and Welsh are [considered] as different languages. Options :

)

Daniel Harris, a scholar of consumption and style, has observed that until photography finally [supplanted] illustration as the 'primary means of advertising clothing' in the 1950s, glamour [inhered] less in the face of the drawing, which was by necessity schematic and generalized, than in the sketch's attitude, posture, and gestures, especially in the strangely dainty positions of the hands. Glamour once resided so emphatically in the stance of the model that the faces in the [illustrations] cannot really be said to have [expressions] at all, but angles or tilts. The chin raised upwards in a haughty look, the eyes lowered in an attitude of introspection, the head cocked at an inquisitive or coquettish angle: or the profile presented in sharp outline, emanating power of the severity like an [emperor's bust] [embossed] [on a Roman] [coin] . Options :

On average, Iceland [experiences] a major volcanic event once every 5 years. Since the Middle Ages, a third of all the lava that has [covered] the earth's surface has erupted in Iceland. However, according to a recent geological hypothesis, this estimate does not include [submarine] eruptions, which are much more extensive than those on the land surface. Options :

At the end of the last ice age, scientists believe that the melting ice disrupted the ocean currents in the North [Atlantic and] [caused] a drop in temperature of almost 5 degrees. Even [though] the rest of the planet was warming up, the North Atlantic region remained in a cold period for almost 1300 years. The same thing happened [around] 8000 years ago, when the cooling lasted about a hundred years, and it [could] happen again today. Options :

Hippocrates allowed observation, rationality, and his own genuine respect for his patients to [guide] [his] practice. Using the scientific method, he carefully [recorded] his patient's symptoms and [responses] [to] treatments and used the data [gathered] to evaluate and prescribe the most successful regimens. His prestige as a great medical [practitioner] , educator, and author helped spread these ideals of [rational] [medicine] throughout the ancient world. Options :

While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial [reports] and records across the business world, finance uses this same information to project future growth and to [analyze] [expenditure in] order to strategize company finances. By studying this major you get to have a better insight on the market, with the [right] [knowledge] and skills acquired you should be able than when you graduate to advise others in making strong investments. This major will help you gain the responsibility of predicting and [analyzing] [the potential for] profit and growth, assessing monetary resources, utilizing accounting statistics and reports, and also looking externally for future funding options. Options :

)

One of the most popular forms of theatre is musical. Combining drama, dance, and music, the musical has been around for over a [century] , and in that time has kept pace with changing [tastes] and socials conditions, [as well as] [advances] in theatre technology. Many modern musical are known for their spectacular [sets] , lighting, and other effects. Options :

E-learning is a new way forward. We believe [passionately] in e-learning. Our innovative approach opens up new [opportunities] for busy professionals that simply did not previously exist the [chance] [to combine a] prestigious Master's program with a demanding professional and personal [life] . Our small virtual classrooms [facilitate intensive] [interaction] and collaboration among professionals from all over the world. Options :

Event management is particularly challenging from an operational viewpoint. In many cases, events are staged on sites where everything has been set up over a 24-hour period, with all elements carefully [synchronized] [. In] contrast, many events are years in the planning: large convention bids are often won five years before the event is held. For the very [competitive] bidding process, budgets need to be developed and prices quoted, requiring a good understanding of market, economic, and political trends, as well as consumer choices. This long-term view is the basis of strategic management, which is covered in Part 1 and focuses on the event concept, feasibility of the event, legal compliance, and financial management. Marketing is a critical [success] [factor and another] important topic of this first section, many events (sporting, cultural, and arts) involving long- term sponsorship [arrangements] with key industry players. Relationship building is particularly [challenging] [since there are] so many stakeholders involved in events, including government agencies at many levels. Part 1 will look at all these aspects, including strategic risk, before moving on to the second part where operational planning and implementation will be covered in detail. Options :

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in [characteristics] to the solar system's biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent targets for [astronomers] in their search for extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of these planets are easy to [detect] as they create a large decrease in brightness when passing in front of their parent stars. Options :

London's National Portrait Gallery is currently celebrating the fifty-year [career] of photographer Sandra Lousada. The twenty-one portraits on display key [figures] in literature, film, and fashion from the early 1960s. [Subsequent] to the acquisition of forty portraits by Lousada, the display at The National Portrait Gallery highlights shots were taken between 1960 and 1964, many of which [feature] in Lousada's book Public Faces Private Places (2008). Formal commissioned portraits are shown alongside behind-the-scenes [photographs] taken on film sets and unguarded portraits of sitters captured at home. Options :

)

Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National Well-being program and will be [updated] [and published] annually. Well-being is discussed in terms of the economy, people, and the environment. Information such as the unemployment rate or a [number] of crimes against the person is presented alongside [data] [on people's] thoughts and feelings, for example, satisfaction with our jobs or [leisure] time and fear of crime. T [ogether, a] richer picture of 'how society is doing' is provided. Options :

Built-in 1880 on 4,000 acres of [land] outside of the Chicago city limits, Pullman, Illinois, was the first industrial [planned] [community] in the United States. George Pullman, of the Pullman Railroad Car Company, built the south residential portion of the company town first, which contained 531 [houses] , some of which stand today more or less as they did originally. Options :

Gauss was a child prodigy. There are many [anecdotes] concerning his precocity as a child, and he made his first [ground-breaking mathematical] [discoveries] while still a teenager. At just three years old, he [corrected] [an] error in his father's payroll calculations, and he was looking after his father's accounts on a regular basis by the age of 5. At the age of 7, he is reported to have amazed his teachers by summing the integers from 1 to 100 almost [instantly] (having quickly spotted that the sum was actually 50 pairs of numbers, with each pair summing to 101, total 5,050). By the age of 12, he was already attending gymnasium and criticizing Euclid's geometry. Options :

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as the corn people. The phrase is not [intended as a] [metaphor] . Rather, it's meant to [acknowledge] their abiding dependence on this miraculous [grass, the] [staple] of their diet for almost nine thousand years. Forty percent of the calories a Mexican eats in a day comes directly from corn, most of it in the form of tortillas. So when a Mexican says I am maize or corn walking, it is simply a statement of fact: The very substance of the Mexican body is to a considerable extent a [manifestation] of this plant. Options :

Why are moths fatally attracted to the light' One [solution] is that the moths use light to [navigate] [. This] explanation, [however] , doesn't tell us why in some of the moth's species, only males are highly attracted. [What's] [more] , if navigation could probably only happen to the species that migrate, a moth is not a migratory species. [Yet] most of the time such moths are not migrating. Indeed most species do not migrate at all and thus have no need of navigation. Options :

)

Elements of both the psychoanalytic and behaviorist theories [arrange] in modern approaches to personality Advances in neuroscience have begun to [bridge] the gap between biochemistry and behavior, but there is still a great deal that needs to be explained. Without a consistent understanding of personality, how can we begin to [categorize] risk-takers' If we cannot, we will be unable to [compare] their genes with those of others. Options :

The universality of story Feature films are [narratives] - they tell stories. Even films based on [true] [events] will fictionalize them in order to produce drama, to telescope time, to avoid being filled up with too many [minor] characters, or simply to be more entertaining. Even in the current welter of special-effect movies, feature films are usually summarized by their plots - in their first 'treatment'(or outline of the script idea), in the advance publicity, in the TV guide, in reviews, and in conversations. Films may differ from other [kinds] of narrative-literary fiction or television drama, for instance - in the medium used and the representational conventions. They do, however, [share] with literary fiction and television drama the basic structure and functions of narrative. Much work has been done by researchers in the field known as 'narratology' on exactly what constitutes the structures and functions of the narrative. Their [conclusions] are of great use to students of the feature film. Options :

First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, [stagnation reigns] . Whether you're a designer dreaming of another world, an [engineer] working on a new kind of structure, an [executive] [charged with] developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser seeking a breakthrough way to sell your product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a memorable school [assembly] program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to sell the same old ra{e tickets, your ability to [generate] good ideas is critical to your success. Options :

Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew to double the biomass [of clones] [planted] outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from [ozone] [damage, she] and her New York colleagues report. Ozone chemists have known that [concentrations] [may spike skyscraper] high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from [urban] [pollution that] [blows] in and lingers. A series of new experiments now show that this hang-around ozone is the [overwhelming] factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the July 10 Nature. 'This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas [pay] [the] [price] for urban pollution,' says Stephen P . Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 'This work should be a wake-up call,' he adds. Options :

)

Complementary therapies - such as those [practiced] by naturopaths, chiropractors and acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few [decades] . Interest initially coincided with [enthusiasm] for alternative lifestyles, while immigration and increased contact and trade with China have also [had an] [influence] . The status of complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation, the stances of doctors' associations, their inclusion in medical education, and scientific research into [their] [ezcacy] . Options :

Low fertility is a concern for many OECD countries as they face the prospect of population aging. This article makes [comparisons] between Australia and seven other OECD countries in fertility rates between 1970 and 2004. [Changing age] [patterns] of fertility are also compared and show that for most of the countries, women are [postponing] childbirth and having fewer babies. The [associations] of women's education levels and rates of employment with fertility are also explored. Options :

The American People: Creating a Nation and a Society examines U.S. history as revealed through the [experiences] of all Americans, both ordinary and extraordinary. With a thought-provoking and rich presentation, the authors explore the complex lives of Americans of all national [origins] and cultural backgrounds, at all levels of society, and in all [regions] of the country. Options :

McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be [divided] into four eras: the acoustic age, the literary age, the print age, and the electronic age. He [outlined] the concept in a 1962 book called The Gutenberg Galaxy, which was released just as the television was starting to become popular. He [predicted] [the] world was entering the fourth, electronic age, which would be characterized by a community of people brought together by technology. He called it the 'global village', and said it would be an age when everyone had [access] to the same information through technology. The 'global village' could be understood to be the internet. Options :

Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, she text-messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever, accomplished, and responsible and reckless at the same time [' Easily, according] to two physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who have been [exploring] [the] [unique] structure and chemistry of the [adolescent] brain. "The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E. Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of [development] . These are people with very [sharp] brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them." Options :

New Employee Orientation is a critical process that helps newcomers integrate into their workplace smoothly and effectively. The primary purpose of this session is to familiarize employees with the organization's mission, values, and work culture, ensuring they align with company goals. During orientation, participants are introduced to key policies and procedures, such as attendance, workplace safety, and performance expectations, which provide clarity about their responsibilities. Another essential aspect of the session is acquainting employees with available resources, such as IT support, training programs, and wellness initiatives, to enhance their productivity and well-being. Additionally, orientation often includes introductions to team members and managers, encouraging collaboration and fostering a sense of belonging. Interactive activities, like team-building exercises or Q&A sessions, are commonly incorporated to make the experience engaging and memorable. Overall, New Employee Orientation plays a vital role in setting the foundation for a successful journey within the organization by equipping employees with essential tools and knowledge.

Hello everyone. well.... thank you so much for coming to help with cleaning the park. um.... I really appreciate you taking your time out of your busy schedules to be here. So.... today's cleanup will be divided into three different tasks, and we will be having three different teams for these tasks. um.... The first task is picking up the trash which is laying around.....so.... this will be headed by our friend Michael, so.... if you want to be a part of that job you can go and join Michael, um.... the one who is standing by the tree and the second task is removing the plants that do not belong here.....so....we have a few pictures of the plants that do not belong here and maybe because they are not supposed to be here or they will harm the environment so this team will be headed by Karen, .....so....if you want to do that you can join Karen and the last task will be to paint and repaint the tables and chairs in the park and make them look good and this one will be headed by me. so if you like to do this, you can join my team and um.... then we'll start with the cleanup. Okay.

I want today to talk about the industrial revolution from a variety of, of aspects. I put everything on the board, I put on our website, so don't worry about copying it down. And it's all pretty, pretty obvious doing the industrial revolution across this century is no easy task. But we will do it and do the reading. Let me just say that to the way people look at what used to be called the industrial revolution and I guess some people still call it that has changed dramatically through the 1950s and into the 1960s, the idea of the industrial revolution was that it was the work of some genius inventors who created mechanism machines in the used primarily in the textile industry, but also in mining that eliminated blocks to assembly line production. And then everybody was crowded into factories and the new brave world opened up. In fact, one of the most interesting books and so great classics is still in print was written by an economic historian at Harvard, who's still around called David Landis, a good book called the unbound Prometheus, which was basically that and some of the inventions that II briefly describe in your reading, the spinning Jenny, et cetera. I refer to that. And then that kind of analysis LED one to concentrate on England where the industrial revolution began and to view and to view industrialization as being a situation of, of so winners and losers are not going as fast.

The Petrified Forest is home to some of the most impressive fossils ever found, and more are being discovered each year as continuing erosion is [exposing] new evidence. Fossils found here show the Forest was once a tropical region, [filled] with towering trees and extraordinary creatures. More than 150 different species of fossilized plants have been discovered by paleontologists, and evidence [indicating] ancient native people who inhabited this region about 10,000 years ago has been [confirmed] by archeologists. Options :

What is the significance of instinct in business' Does a reliable gut feeling separate winners from Losers' And is it the most valuable emotional tool any entrepreneur can possess' My [observations] of successful company owners lead me to believe that a highly analytical attitude can be a drawback. At critical junctures in commercial life, risk-taking [is more an] [act] of faith than a carefully balanced choice. Frequently, such moments require [decisiveness] and absolute Conviction above all else. There is simply no time to wait for all the facts, or room for doubt. A computer program cannot tell you how to invent and launch a new product. That [journey] includes too many unknowns, too much luck, and too much sheer intuition, rather than the infallible [logic] that machines deliver so well. As Chekhov said: 'An artist's flair is sometimes worth a scientist's brains - entrepreneurs need right-brain thinking. When I have been considering whether to buy a company and what price to offer, I have been [blinded] too often by reams of due diligence from the accountants and lawyers. Usually, it pays to stand back from such mountains of grey data and weigh up the really important issues, and decide how you feel about the opportunity. Options :

Studies of the cognitive abilities of bilingual children have primarily been concerned with identifying developmental [differences] between monolinguals and bilinguals. The present studies examine the [ability] [of monolingual] and bilingual children to solve a cognitive problem with the [intention] of understanding both the impact of bilingualism on children's solutions and the [function] of specific cognitive processes in development for both groups of children. Options :

Since the dawn of civilization, music has always been an indispensable part of children's education. T [oday, in most] countries around the world, music courses are still [offered] in schools as part of the basic curriculum. The ancient Greeks believed that they should be [performed] alongside mathematics and physics, as these subjects complement and enhance one another. Researchers at The Ohio State University conducted a retrospective study on the behavior of children [mainly] high school students who had been [exposed] to music courses in their early years or throughout their school life. The presence of music in adolescent education has a significant impact on their [ability to] [understand] complex concepts such as mathematics or physics. Options :

US President - Abraham Lincoln winning in the elections was [unexpected] because he was from a very poor family, without any stronger ties unlike his [counterparts] , but he still won due to United States [supporters] . His victory became a powerful reminder that true leadership is not defined by wealth or social standing. Lincoln's rise demonstrated how determination, integrity, and a clear vision for the nation can inspire [ordinary] citizens. Options :